ABSTRACT
Background: Integrons are the main contributors to the development of multidrug resistance (MDR) among Gram‑negative bacilli. There is a lack of knowledge about the molecular relation between gene cassettes and antibiotic resistance in India. Objective: In this study, we have investigated the occurrence of Class II integron and their cassette array among Enterobacteriaceae. Materials and Methods: A total of 268 MDR non‑duplicate strains of Enterobacteriaceae were collected from Silchar Medical College and Hospital, Silchar, Assam, India, during June 2012 to May 2013. Polymerase chain reaction was performed for detection of the integrase genes and gene cassettes within the Class II integron which were further analysed by sequencing. Results: Class II integron was observed in 47 isolates. Four different gene cassette arrangements were detected: dfrA1‑sat2‑aadA1; dfrA1‑sat2‑aadA1‑orfX‑ybeA‑ybfA‑ybfB‑ybgA; dfrA12‑sat2‑aadA1; and dfrA1‑linF‑aadA1. The most prevalent cassette combination was dfrA1‑sat2‑aadA1. This study has also identified a set of gene cassette associated with linF gene instead of sat2 gene. Conclusion: Further investigation is required to determine the current situation and important reservoir of Class II integron for the transmission of drug resistance among Enterobacteriaceae and their contribution to antimicrobial resistance in hospital environment.
ABSTRACT
Background: Accurate mortality statistics are needed for policy formulation; implementation and monitoring of health intervention that are aimed at improving the health status of the people. Mortality level is one of the indicators of the quality of life and status of health of a population. However; accurate collection; collation; analysis and interpretation of such data is poorly organised in developing nations; including Nigeria leading to a gap in health policy formulation; implementation and monitoring. Therefore; policies and strategies for disease prevention are based on empirical evidence rather than on data primarily collected to formulate disease specific interventions.Though; hospital data have inherent deficiency in its use to design prevention. However; when accurately generated and adequately managed would provide both qualitative and quantitative information on morbidity and mortality if not for the entire society at least for a segment of the population utilizing it. We implemented a system of death certification to determine causes and pattern of mortality in Ahmadu Bello University Teaching Hospital; Zaria Methods: From May 1999 to November 2005; all case folders of deceased patients were retrieved from the central library of health information management department of the hospital; case folders of deceased patients are required to have in them a completed IFMCCD(International Form of Medical Certification of Cause of Death). All case folders of deceased patients after relevant information were extracted by the staff of health management information department; were passed on to the staff of department of Community Medicine directly involved in this study. The completed cause of death certificates received in the department of Community Medicine (between May 1999 and November 2005); were examined. Coding rules were employed to select the appropriate code for those certificates that were incorrectly completed. The underlying cause of death as identified from the correctly completed IFMCCDS is coded according to ICD-10. Results: For the period under study; there were 4019 deaths: 2212 males and 1807 females. Total of 2914 (72.5) deaths were certified; using the IFMCCD of which 1641 of them were males and 1273 females and formed the basis of this analysis. Coverage rates ranges from 56.2in 2001 to 85in 1999. The proportion of garbage codes ranges from 0to 2.4while the three leading causes of death are HIV infection; road traffic accident (RTA); and cardiovascular diseases among the ten. The time-trend of the leading causes of death show RTA maintaining steady upward climb while malaria; septicemia; PEM; sepsis in the neonatal period shows unsteady fluctuation. Conclusion: This study assessed the pattern of mortality and causes of death in ABU Teaching Hospital; Zaria; it also provided information on leading causes of death
Subject(s)
Accidents , Cause of Death , HIV Infections , MortalityABSTRACT
Background: The provision of occupational health services in most industries of the developing world has been very rudimentary. Various factors have been adduced to be responsible for this, none availability of protective devices, non-compliance by workers and managerial problems among others. Therefore this study was conducted to evaluate occupational hazards and the provision of occupational health services at Peugeot Automobile Nigeria (PAN), Kaduna.Aim: To assess the extent of occupational hazards and the occupational health services provided by the industry (PAN). Methods: This was a cross sectional descriptive study in which cluster sampling technique was used to sample respondents. Structured, interviewer administered questionnaires with close ended questions were used to collect data.Results: One hundred and ten respondents participated in the study with a mean age of 32.7±2.8 years. Use of protective devices by respondents was: boots 96.3%, hand gloves 100%, and ear plugs 58% respectively. Pattern of occupational hazards were: exposure to chemical fumes 6.4%, noise pollution 40.9%, and chemical burns 9.1% respectively. Conclusion: Occupational hazards and injuries among PAN workers are a frequent occurrence. There is need for sustained public awareness campaigns among the workers and management on the importance of occupational safety to guide against injuries/ accidents at work sites and compliance to the use of protective devices. It is also recommended that the Inspectorate Division of Federal Ministry of Industries should pay periodic monitoring visits to industries in order to ensure a conducive and a safe working environment and also with the facility Act and related laws so as to curtail the rate of accidents and injures in Nigerian industries